Category Pollution

Also called the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, Deepwater Horizon oil spill is considered to be the largest marine oil spill in history. It occurred on April 20, 2010 when the Deep Horizon oil rig exploded in the Gulf of Mexico and off the coast of Louisiana, the U.S. The rig was leased by London-based oil company BP. By the time the leak from the exploratory well was capped 87 days later, more than three million barrels of oil had leaked into the waters while the explosion itself had claimed 11 lives. The disaster has had environmental, health and economic impacts.

An estimated 53,000 barrels were flowing into the Gulf of Mexico every day.

The accident also made extensive damages to the marine environment. According to the Centre for Biological Diversity, the oil spill killed over 82,000 birds, 25,900 marine mammals, 6,000 sea turtles and tens of thousands of fish, among others.

 

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Over the last few decades, there has been a significant spike in the number of wildfires. Greenhouse gas emissions have led to an increase in global temperature. As warmer temperatures hasten evaporation, the land subsequently turns drier, enhancing the chances of wildfires.

A 2019 Australian government report on wildfires and climate change said human-caused climate change has resulted in more dangerous weather conditions for bushfires in recent decades for many regions of Australia.

 Heatwave and drought

Fire season in Australia is always dangerous. But conditions have been unusually severe this year. Australia is experiencing one of its worst droughts in decades. Meanwhile, a heatwave last December broke the record for highest nationwide average temperature, with some places sweltering under temperatures well above 40 degrees Celsius.

Fire season has changed

With climate change, weather conditions are growing more extreme, and for years, the fires have been starting earlier in the season and spreading with greater intensity in Australia. The fire season is starting earlier and is about two to four months longer, especially in south and east Australia. The normal peak fire season is later in summer, which is January and February. Australia is just entering its summer season, meaning the country could be months away from finding relief.

 

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 Though it is estimated that nearly half-a-billion animals have been affected in one State alone, it is difficult to get the exact number until fires subside enough to allow surveys of the burned areas. Fires have been part of the Australian landscape for thousands of years. Many species and ecosystems have evolved to cope and later populate nearby unaffected land. But as climate change fuels longer five seasons and more frequent, intense fires, it could become increasingly difficult for animals to adapt newer escape strategies and for ecosystem to bounce back.

In the line of fire

Smaller mammals and reptiles can escape the blazes by burrowing underground or hiding in rocks.

But some are not good at coping heat or stress. Wombat, the small, stubby-legged marsupial, can’t run very fast or far. Kolas are particularly vulnerable to bushfires as their slow movement and tree-dwelling lifestyle make it difficult for them to escape. Koalas and kangaroos are primarily killed directly by the fires. In this season, nearly a third of all koalas in New South Wales have died and about a third of their habitat has been destroyed according to a government estimate.

Ecosystems are built on balance – once one element is thrown off, everything is affected. Even if animals don’t die from the flames or smoke, they would eventually do from the fire’s aftermath. After their habitat is destructed, there will be no shelter or food left to survive on. These animals’ recovery depends not only on their population size, but also on the condition of their habitat.

 

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An uncontrolled fire in an area of combustible vegetation that spreads quickly, wiping out large areas of land is called a wildfire. A wildfire can also be termed a forest fire, a grass fire, a peat fire or a bushfire depending on the type of vegetation.

During summer, when there is no rain for months, the forests become littered with dry leaves and twigs, which could burst into flames ignited by the slightest spark.

Natural causes: Lightening is the most common cause of bushfire. There are three conditions for a bushfire to spread – fuel, oxygen and a heat source. In the forest, anything that is flammable is a fuel. This includes tall, dry grass, bushes and trees. High temperature, drought and dry vegetation are a perfect combination for igniting a forest fire.

Human-made disaster: Human neglect such as downed powerlines, sparks from tools or forest machinery, abandoned campfires and discarded cigarette butts can spark fires. People also tend to clear forests by setting them on fire to pave way for cultivation. Sometimes they set fire to scare away wild animals and the fire could spread and turn disastrous.

In Australia:

Summer is the season of fire in Australia with hot, dry weather making it easy for blazes to start and spread. Most of the time, it is natural causes such as lightning that trigger a fire, but sometimes human are also to blame. New South Wales police have charged at least 24 people with deliberately starting bushfires, and have taken legal action against 183 people for fire-related offences since November, according to reports.

 

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Bushfires are almost an annual affair in Australia, but this fire season has been unprecedented in scale and intensity.

A series of massive bushfires has been burning across Australia since September 2019 and they intensified early this month, with a number of towns evacuated.

At least 27 people have been killed, 1200 homes destroyed, and 18 million acres of land – bush, forest and parks – have been burned. Of all the States, New South Wales has been the hardest-hit. Nearly half-a-billion creatures, including birds, mammals and reptiles, have been affected by the fires in New South Wales alone and millions of them are possibly dead, according to scientists. Many large cities have been shrouded in smoke for weeks. State and federal authorities are struggling to contain the massive blazes, even with firefighting assistance from other countries.

Why are the fires so bad? Persistent drought and record temperatures are the major drivers of the fire, but the role played by climate change in making natural disasters go from bad to worse should not be overlooked, say scientists.

 

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