Category English Language

Are you afraid of ghosts? Did you know that ghosts can lurk not only in haunted mansions and dark comers, but also inside dictionaries?

Yes, you read that right. Ghost words are words that have entered into the dictionary by a human error rather than normal linguistic transmission.

They are usually a result of a misprint or an erroneous reading of a manuscript.

The Oxford English Dictionary defines a ghost word as “a word recorded in a dictionary or other reference work which is not actually used.”

Here are some ghost words that might be lurking inside your dictionary:

**Abacot is a ghost word that arose through a series of misreadings. The word first appeared in the second edition of “Holisnhed’s Chronicles” in 1587. It found its way into every major dictionary. Only 300 years later was it discovered that the word was a misprint of ‘bycoket’, meaning a cap or head-dress.

**Morse: The word ‘morse’ as a noun became popular after it appeared in  Sir Walter Scott’s 1820 novel, “The Monastery”. However, ‘morse’ mysteriously appeared as a verb in dictionaries. Was it Morse code? Not really, it was just a printing mistake, putting ‘morse’ instead of ‘nurse’.

**Momblishness: Though the word sounds similar to mumble, it turned out that momblish was actually a typographical error. The actual word was ‘ne-m’oublie-pas’. French for “don’t forget me”.

**Cairbow: Cairbow was mentioned in an early 20th century draft of the Oxford English Dictionary. The new word puzzled the editors: What was cairbow? A new type of rainbow or a polar creature? Well, none of the above. It turned out that cairbow was just a misreading of caribou.

 

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Some of us write simple straight sentences. Some of us prefer to use multisyllabic words (such as: integrative) and long sentences thinking, “When I know it, why not just use it?”

We use idioms to make a point and add colour to our writing. Look at the difference between “Don’t go near that pond” and If were you. I wouldn’t go near that pond. In short we all have our unique ways of writing. That’s fine, as long as the reader gets the meaning and the purpose of your writing

What if you use words that are misleading or just plain wrong? It is good to make sure the words and phrases you use are precise, necessary and error free.

The following examples will help you avoid the pitfalls of writing without thinking properly.

Oxymoron

You have an oxymoron when two words opposite in meaning are expressed together. It is a figure of speech containing words that seem to contradict each other or cancel each other out. It’s often referred to as a ‘contradiction in terms

Oxymorons are used for a variety of purposes. Sometimes they’re used to create a little bit of drama for the reader sometimes to add spice to the prose or poem; sometimes they’re used for emphasis, or to make a person stop and think “Is this funny? Is this absurd?”

A common oxymoron is the phrase the same difference. This phrase is an oxymoron because the words same and difference have completely opposite meanings. Bringing them together into one phrase produces a puzzle

A true myth’ eh? What do you make of that? Interesting, right? An oxymoron, as a figure of speech, is used in poems for emphasis. Shakespeare used these in his tragic play “Romeo and Juliet”: loving hate, heavy lightness”, feather of lead, ‘bright smoke, cold fire’, sick health’.

But if you use it without realising it is an oxymoron, it can lead to funny (read: absurd) phrases, that are best avoided. What is virtual reality? Who are paid volunteers?

Errors and effective phrases

Do you use the following in speech or writing? It’s likely you have, or you may have heard of them.

Found missing, fully empty seriously funny, only choice. original copies, act naturally, clearly confused, deafening silence, farewell reception. growing smaller, open secret sweet sorrow, weirdly normal.

Writers have used oxymoron words and phrases to good effect. These examples, seen in their context will show us how this figure of speech can be effective not just as phrases, but in the meaning of the whole sentence.

I like a smuggler. He is the I only honest thief Charles Lamb

I can believe anything, provided that it is quite incredible. Oscar Wilde

And faith unfaithful kept him falsely true. Alfred Tennyson

Modem dancing is so old fashioned. Samuel Goldwyn

I am a deeply superficial person. Andy Warhol

We’re busy doing nothing Bing Crosby

No one goes to that restaurant any more. It’s always too crowded. Yogi Berra

A joke is actually an extremely really serious issue. Winston Churchill

I like humanity but i loathe persons. Edna St. Vincent Millay

I generally advise persons never ever to present assistance. P. G. Wodehouse

Avoid malapropism

Have you ever used the wrong word in the wrong context? Read more to find out how to avoid this mistake.

Malapropism is the act of using an incorrect word in place of one that is similar in pronunciation. Answer this: Which one is right?

The man is an imminent personality known for his books on climate change.

The man is an eminent personality known for his books on climate change. The word Malapropism comes from a character named Mrs. Malaprop in the play “The Rivals by Richard Brinsley Sheridan. The playwright Sheridan chose the name Malaprop because the word malapropos means inappropriate In the play. Mrs. Malaprop often used words that sounded similar but were wrong in the context. (“Illiterate him quite from memory instead of “Obliterate him”) Malapropism is also referred to as Dogberryism, named after Officer Dogberry in Shakespeare’s “Much Ado About Nothing”. Both characters made these speech errors. Here are some examples of malapropisms: Mrs. Malaprop said, “She’s as headstrong as an allegory (alligator) Officer Dogberry said, “Our watch, sir, have indeed comprehended two auspicious persons (apprehended two suspicious persons)

 

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It is often said that short is sweet but sometimes stories need long, sprawling sentences to have a bigger impact. These long monologues and multi-line descriptions are known as the run-on sentence. And over the years, some of the authors have taken the nun-on technique as far as it can go writing some of the longest sentences in English in the process.

What is a run-on?

Run-on sentences are sentences that contain too many ideas, often without proper punctuation Typically, they include independent causes that are joined together without any connecting word or punctuation to separate the clauses.

However, not all long sentences are run-on sentences. For instance, the 800-word sentence in Victor Hugo’s “Les Miserables” is one of the longest grammatically correct lines to appear in any work of literature But Hugo’s sentence is not a run on.

Setting word records

James Joyce and William Faulkner, both renowned authors and poets, were among the earliest to master the run-on. Joyce held the world record for the longest nun-on with a 3,687 word sentence in Ulysses”. The novel contains the character Molly Bloom’s 36 page, two sentence monologue.

In 1983, Faulkner was featured in the Guinness Book of World Records for his lengthy passage from his 1936 book. “Absalom, Absalom!” The huge run on sentence consists of as many as 1,288 words and countless clauses. Once you get into its rhythm, the sentence immerses you in Faulkners stream of consciousness (unfiltered flow of thoughts). Faulkners experimental sentence style proved an inspiration to modern writers such as Samuel Beckett. Virginia Woolf and F. Scott Fitzgerald.

Recent examples

Post modem writers are still influenced by Faulkners nun-on technique. The current record holder the longest English sentence is Jonathan Coe for his staggering 33-page 13,955-word sentence in “The Rotter’s Club (2001).

Last year, Lucy Ellmann’s “Ducks” which consists of a single sentence (published in parts throughout the novel) running over 1,000 pages, was shortlisted for the Booker Prize.

 

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Coming to think of it, not everyone says “Yes” in the same way, though the meaning is the same – “I agree with you”, “I shall do what you want me to”, “What you say is right”. all of which means you agree generally with the person you are speaking to. But do we say “Yes” in the same tone and pitch always? Certainly not. Read the following aloud using the punctuation as dues. You will see how the simple word “Yes” can express different ways of agreeing.

[1] Yes! [2] Yes, yes, yes! [3] Yes. [4] Yes. [5] Yes? [6] Yes, [7] Yes – [8] Yeeeees..

Form a question each for these eight ways of saying “Yes”.

For example:

Question: Would you like a cup of ice cream?

Answer: Yes!

 “Yes” is a very old word. It entered English before 900 AD and comes from the Old English word “gese” meaning “may it be so.” Before the 1600s, “yes” was often used only as an affirmative to a negative question (‘You have not read the book?”), and “Year” was the all-purpose way to say “Yes.” [Examples: “Will you marry me?”, “Are you going abroad?” – “Yea’) By the 1800s, “Yeah” was being used widely, and came to be labelled as an Americanism.

Popular substitutes

There is another aspect to saying “Yes.” You can speak in the affirmative without captain. [“Aye, aye, captain!) It is a formal response meaning “yes” in the British House of Commons. It is also an I. Etymologists [those who study the saying “Yes.” That is, you can say “Yes” using a variety of words and phrases that have no “yes” in them. Here is a list.

[1] Aye: You would have heard this word in movies where soldiers answer the accepted substitute for “Tea” in a voice vote in the U.S. House of Representatives. When it first entered English, it was often spelled origin of words) don’t know where it came from, but it appeared suddenly in the late 1500s and is still with us.

[2] Indubitably: The word mean “indubitably”, meaning “without doubt, has the prefix “in” which when added to words generally makes it negative. [active-inactive] “Indubitably” like many words with a negative prefix comes from the root dubitable. Strangely though, the negative version of the word has always been more popular than its root. Both “dubitably” and indubitably” come from the Latin word “dubitare” meaning “to doubt.”

[3] OK, Okey: We generally associate the word “Ok” with Americans, but not everyone agrees “Ok” is an Americanism. But it is possible it came from the 1840 American presidential election in which political candidates jokingly mis-spelled the phrase “all correct” as “oll korrect” and then shortened it to “Okey” and “Ok”. There are also stories that the word had its origin in military barracks and soldiers gave it this spelling, but we cannot say if that story is true.

An informal version of “Ok” is okey dokey”. It is a goofy version really and you don’t want to use it when you are serious about saying “Yes”. No Okey dokey when you are asked, “Will you collect the hall-ticket from your teacher” The right answer to this is: “Yes, certainly.” 

[4] Sure: The word “Sure” is related to the Old French word with the same spelling, which meant “safe” or “secure.” Till the early 1500s, “Sure” meant “safe”. In the mid-1500s, people began to use the word “sure” when they meant “certainly” and “indubitably.” from which we get the phrases “to be sure” and “for sure“. Of course the phrase “sure thing” is without doubt an Americanism. It began to be used in the 1800s.

[4] Sure: The word “Sure” is related to the old French word with the same spelling, which meant “safe” or “secure” Till the early 1500s, “sure” meant “safe”. In the mid-1500s, people began to use the word “sure” when they meant “certainly” and indubitably,” from which we get the phrases “to be sure” and “for sure”. Of course the phrase “sure thing” is without doubt an Americanism. It began to be used in the 1800s.

[5] Yeah: This common casual variation of “yes” arose in the early 20th century in America. It is said with a drawl (elongated way) and is often used sarcastically. Since the 1980s, its usage of “yeah” appeared in the 1960s and may be a variation on the word “hooray.” However, it remains the least used among our “yes” alternatives. You hear this in sports stadiums when a match is going has risen dramatically, and is used widely in speech and writing.

 [6] Yay: This possible alternative spelling on, right?

[7] By all means: This affirmative means that it is an “yes” in every way possible. [Example: “Can we invite all the school leaders for the meeting?” “By all means.”]

[8] Affirmative: People say “affirmative” when they want to say “yes” just because they feel very pleased with themselves. This form of saying “yes” is found mostly in North America, where you can also hear the phrase “in the affirmative.” [Example: “The last time I asked you for permission to watch football, you replied in the affirmative.

[9] Roger. You heard this in movies when the soldiers are talking on the radio. “Roger” is used to acknowledge receipt of a message. Of course, no one can stop us from using it in casual conversation, and we have been doing so for quite some time. [Example: “Shall we order pizza for dinner today?” “Roger!” We feel well informed when we say that right?]

[10] Uh-huh: Saying “Yes” this way needs a bit of practice, since it is mostly sound with no history of its origin. This sound is a verbalised shrug, which can mean “yes” or “no”. It is a non-committal way of saying ‘Yes.” [‘You can do it, I really don’t care.) When you say “uh-huh”, you need to nod as well, to make your “Yes” clear.  

[11] Righto: This one is British. You can simply say “Right!” without the “o” in the end. But “Right” is informal and cheerful, don’t you think?

[12] Very well. This is a very useful phrase to convey that you accept because you don’t know what else to do. You are accepting something out of compulsion. Also out of exasperation. You are not excited about saying “yes” to the listener. Try saying this: “Oh, you want to use my mobile phone?  Very well then. Here it is.”  

[13] Yup: ‘Yup” and its variation ‘Yep” are such a joy to say. This is because of the “p” in the end that gives it a strong emphasis. [It is called the “implosive “p”.

Example: “Do you want to join the river cruise?” “Yep!)

[14] Right on: Even stronger than “Yep” is “Right on.” You say “Right on!” when you want to convey an overwhelming sense of approval.

[15] Totally: Try saying this, it makes you feel so superior! [Example: “people have no idea about cleanliness!” “Totally!”)

[16] Amen: This phrase goes all the way back to a Hebrew word, meaning “truth, certainty.” It is usually said at the end of a prayer or hymn, and stands for “so be it.” “Amen” is also used to express agreement or assent, sometimes in the form “Amen to that.” There are others too. I have heard people say “No mistake, very much so!”, “Certainly!”, “Of course”, and “You bet!” And now we have the emojis to help us say “Yes” without a single alphabet in the writing. Cool!

 

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We all want to write – and write creatively. If you want your writing to shine, you should make sure it is original. It should read like it is fresh, not only in ideas, but also in the way you put them across. With your writing you should try to create a world of words. It doesn’t matter what you are writing – stories, letters, passages or simply answers to questions in a test, you need to make it readable and interesting. Some people say writing beautifully is a gift. Agreed, we cannot all write like our favourite authors (though we wish we could), but we can definitely enhance the beauty of what we write by following a few simple tips.

Add freshness to your writing

Our simple way to add freshness to your writing is to avoid repetition of words and phrases. When you want to write creatively, you need to look for new ways to clothe your ideas in. The best and the easiest access to this are the dictionaries and the thesaurus. Let’s look at some verbs we tend to repeat and find alternatives for them.

Said

Dialogues often form the most important parts of a story. We typically start dialogues/direct speech with the default “said.” I suspect that readers just skim over this overused word and move on to what is being said. But you can give the speech more strength and draw more attention to what is being said by substituting “said” with more meaningful words. For example:

He said, “I have to leave now.” She said, “No, you cannot go. The meeting is not over.” He said, “I have to, I will be late for the flight.” She said, “But this is important.”

Walked

“Walked” is another overused, common word. It adds nothing to creativity in writing, and readers will not bother to visualize the action you are describing. So why not “ambled, strolled, moved, shuffled, pushed, trudged , manoeuvred? Remember, the word “moved” when used often, can confuse the readers since it also means a mental state. “I was moved to tears by the performance.”

Paragraph 1: He walked through the crowd. He walked across the street slowly, trying not to push those around him. He walked, looking at the shops and walked on as if he did not have a care in the world.

Paragraph 2: He trudged through the crowd. He shuffled across the street slowly, trying not to push those around him. He ambled on, looking at the shops and moved as if he did not have a care in the world.

See how paragraph II tells you more about the state of the person when you use synonyms for “walked”?

Amazing

Oh, this is another word used for anything everywhere! Do you want to fill all your descriptive blanks with this one word? Plus, can a pizza, the unexpected ending of a story, a work of art, a monument, a guard’s bravery when confronting a thief – all be amazing on the same scale? The word loses its punch and gets your readers to yawn. Reach for the thesaurus now. What words can you choose to substitute “amazing” with?

Very

The adverb of degree “very” is now very flat. Adding it to show degree looks like lazy writing. Very disturbing, very normal, very beautiful, very annoying – very boring! Using it so much will not help to make your writing unique.

Try these instead, greatly, terribly, absolutely (another overused word), remarkably, notably, eminently, honestly, neatly.

But when it comes to adverbs, I prefer to use them to the minimum. It is better to allow the narrative speak for itself, without help from adverbs.

Nice

My English teacher would always circle the word “nice” in our answers and reduce marks for poor writing.

“Everything cannot be labeled as “nice”, she taught us. “Find appropriate synonyms!”

We did. A whole lot of them like pleasant, pleasing, satisfying, acceptable, delightful, enjoyable, pleasurable, congenial, fine, delicate, precise, meaningful. When we used these other words our descriptions were precise, accurate, and gave the reader a better sense of the object/idea we were describing.

Look

This is an overused basic verb. Happily, there are so many synonyms and substitutes for this word that you will always find one that is appropriate to the action you are describing. Find one that is exciting! Here is a list: glance, notice, peer, stare, study, watch, view, note, and glimpse.

 

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