Category Chemistry

          No. Sapphire is not made up of only aluminium. However, aluminium is present in this precious stone. The metal is found in many other precious stones too, such as ruby, topaz, turquoise and jade. However, their amazing colours are due to the presence of other elements.

          Aluminium is an element commonly found across the globe. Although Man knew about this element for centuries, only recently did he start using it extensively. Aluminium is a well known conductor of electricity; and therefore, it is ideal for power cables. Due to its lightness, strength and protective qualities, aluminium is an easy choice for the manufacture of boats, car bodies, and aircraft parts.

          Aluminium has some very unique characteristics. It is malleable, meaning it can be shaped into thin sheets. You may have seen thin foils of silver coloured paper for wrapping food items. Aluminium is used for packaging food and drinks. It is tough, yet light-weight, and does not rust. Aluminium reflects heat and light. All these qualities make it an extremely useful element.

          Due to its utility, every year, 20 million tonnes of aluminium is produced from its ore world-wide. Its atomic number is 13, and the symbol is Al.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

               Magnesium is an important nutrient for humans. Our body absorbs magnesium through leafy vegetables such as cabbage and spinach.

              Not just in these vegetables, magnesium is found in all green plants. It is present in their leaves where it traps the Sun’s energy to prepare the plant’s food. In fact, magnesium is present in the cells of all organisms!

              The element is so essential for humans that more than 300 kinds of body processes cannot take place without it. It is plentiful on Earth too, as it is the 8th most abundant element. The element makes up 13 per cent of the Earth’s total mass, and it comes third, after sodium and chlorine, in its presence in sea water.

               Magnesium is generally found in compound forms. The element mostly combines with oxygen and calcium. Magnesium has a silvery white colour.

               After iron and aluminium, this is the most sought after metal in the world. It is used in alloys and materials that need to be light-weight and strong.

               The name of the metal derives from the name of a region in Greece called Magnesia, where the compounds of magnesium were found in plenty. Its atomic number is 12, and the symbol is Mg.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

              Many sodium compounds are common household items. For example, most of us will find our food tasteless without a substance called sodium chloride. Another sodium compound called sodium bicarbonate is an inevitable ingredient for baking. The former is none other than table salt, and the latter, baking soda.

             Sodium is the sixth most abundant element in the Earth’s crust, and is found in many minerals. It is highly reactive. It is a soft metal; you can easily cut it with a kitchen knife into pieces. The element appears silvery-white in colour.

              Sodium has been in use for a very long time, and its compounds have had great historical significance. The element has been used for treating patients and as a form of currency for thousands of years.

               Salt, a sodium compound, has been known to be part of human diet from prehistoric times. People in Ancient Egypt knew the use of a substance called natron which they used to mummify dead bodies. Natron dried out the internal organs, thus preserving it for a long time. This substance is a sodium compound found naturally on Earth. Atomic number of this element is 11, and the symbol is Na.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

            You must have seen the name boards and advertising signboards on shops glowing in red and orange at night in cities. You must have observed such lights during parties and festivals too. What makes these lights glow in such fashion is a gas called neon.

            Neon is widely used in ornamental lighting because when electrical discharge passes through the gas, it produces a red glow. In 1902, Georges Claude, a French inventor and engineer, started producing neon lights commercially.

            Neon has no colour or smell. The element gets its name from the Greek word ‘neos’ meaning ‘new’. British chemists William Ramsay and Morris Travers discovered neon in 1898. Neon is the fourth-most abundant element in the Universe, but not on Earth.

            Among elements, neon is a recluse. Like a stubborn child, it refuses to form compounds with other elements, or react to any other substance. This is one reason for its scarcity in the air, because natural compounds of neon would have prevented its escape from the Earth’s atmosphere.

           The amount of neon in the air is not so much. Since it is a rare element, it is fairly costly too. Producing liquid neon is about 55 times more expensive than producing liquid helium.

           Neon has an atomic number of ten. Its atomic symbol is Ne.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

            Do you know what makes toothpaste manufacturers confidently declare that their product can help you prevent tooth-decay? There is an ingredient in toothpaste that keeps your teeth strong. Fluorine is the element that prevents dental cavities. And fluorine is present in toothpastes in the form of soluble fluoride.

            George Gore, an English chemist, is one among the many scientists, who tried to isolate fluorine. However, Gore’s experiment ended up in an explosion when the fluorine that he had produced reacted with hydrogen in his lab. Many years later, Ferdinand Frederic Henri Moissan, a French chemist, successfully isolated fluorine in 1886. And his discovery led him to win the Nobel Prize in 1906.

            It is very difficult to store fluorine because of its corrosive nature. Fluorine gas quickly attacks most metals, and is highly reactive. And for this reason, fluorine is usually found only in compounds. Due to its exploding tendency, fluorine is maintained in hydrofluoric acid. Atomic number of the element is 9, and the symbol is F.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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               When it comes to maintaining life on earth, there is no element as important as oxygen. Without this element, we would be dead in no time! Invisible and odourless, it quietly continues to sustain and nourish life in nature. No doubt, oxygen is synonymous with life.

               Oxygen makes up one fifth of the earth’s atmosphere. It comes third in terms of its abundance by mass in the entire Universe. The reason for its high concentration on the Earth’s atmosphere is the oxygen cycle in our planet. It is driven by photosynthesis of plants. The density level of oxygen becomes less, as altitude increases. Mountaineers find it difficult to breathe and have to slowly adjust to the decreasing oxygen levels as they climb higher. Astronauts carry their oxygen when they travel to outer space because there is no oxygen there.

               At the same time, too much oxygen is also not good. Do you know that humans cannot survive if the oxygen level goes beyond 25 per cent? The same applies when the level goes below 17 per cent as well. Its atomic number is eight, and the symbol is O.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Pictures credit: google