The primitive man who lived in caves had to make his way through rocks. To protect his feet he probably covered them with bags of grass, strips of animal hide or even flat pieces of wood. These were fastened to the soles of the feet by crude thongs (crude straps) bound around the ankles. These were the first shoes.
Among the civilized people, Egyptians were the first to make shoes. They used pads of leather or papyrus (a tree with thick stem) which were bound to the feet with two straps. In order to protect the toes, its front was sometimes turned up. Samples of shoes, made around 2000 B.C. have been found in Egypt.
In some cold countries, people developed a different kind of shoes. They were bags padded with grass and tied around the feet.
As far as the modern shoes are concerned, their origin can be traced back to the crusades. Crusades were the military expeditions by the European Christian countries to recover the Holy land from the Muslims in the Middle Ages. These crusaders went on long-drawn wars and had been on their feet. So it became necessary to make shoes that would last long. Gradually, fine leather shoes of attractive designs began to appear in Italy, France and England.
The designs of shoes have always been subject to changes according to the fashion. For example, in the 16th century people preferred shoes with broad toes. In the 17th century high heels came into fashion. Kings and nobles also ordered some special changes in the designs of their shoes.
With the development of modern techniques, many varieties of shoes are now being made. Besides leather, rubber, plastic and canvas are also being used in shoes. Plastic-covered shoes which do not need any polishing have come into fashion. Rexin-top sports shoes have become the most popular throughout the world. Today there is a wide range of shoes to choose from according to one’s needs and taste.
Today a number of religions are prevalent in the world. It is difficult to say which was the first one to start. However, the story of their origin is very interesting. From the beginning of civilization man had been worshipping many powers that could protect him from different threats in day-to-day life. For this purpose, he selected some powerful or ideal objects for worshipping. A particular spiritual power or ideal was first called a ‘sect’ and later on a ‘religion’. Now the question is how the various major religions of the world originated?
One of Julius Caesar’s important reforms was the revision of the Roman calendar. He established the 365 day year, with a leap year every 4 years. This calendar was called the Julian calendar and the month of July was named after Julius Caesar.
On September 11, 2001, terrorists hijacked four passenger planes in the USA and crashed them into skyscrapers at New York and into the Pentagon building, the defence ministry. The terrorists, the pilots, and 3000 innocent people died in these attacks. The leader of Al-Qaida, Osama bin Laden, claimed responsibility for this massive attack.
Terrorism is the use of terror in the form of violence or threats to force an individual or group to accept the demands of terrorists. Terrorists intentionally destabilize the society and the state through acts of violence like kidnappings or attacks. In their opinion they are waging a war for freedom. For instance, in the Basque region in Spain the ETA has killed more than 800 people in its struggle for an independent state in the past 40 years. 
