Remove all your bones – along with the joints and muscles pinned to them – and you’d end up a shapeless, motionless bag of blood and organs. Your skull and spinal vertebrae, made of tough deposits of calcium and other minerals, are like armor for your brain and nervous system. Special bone marrow in your vertebrae and elsewhere is your body’s blood factory. Your muscles and joints, meanwhile, set your human machine in motion.
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A mix of special cells and liquid ‘’plasma,’’ blood delivers all the good stuff (oxygen vitamins, minerals, and chemicals called hormones) to the cell in your body and carries away all the bad stuff (carbon dioxide and other waste) for disposal. Red blood cells transport oxygen, while white blood cells fight infection. Special cells called platelets seal the leak when blood vessels break – a process called clotting. An oxygen-carrying protein called hemoglobin is what gives blood its red color.
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You can’t always guess a child’s appearance just by looking at his or her parents. The study of genes – called genetics – is achieving breakthroughs all the time, but much about heredity remains mysterious. Combinations of genes can affect other genes, leading to unpredictable characteristics or features that lurk in the genetic background for several generations. Our genes are riddled with so-called junk DNA that doesn’t seem to express itself in any noticeable way. Environment and diet also play a large role in shaping a person’s weight, skin tone, and other physical characteristics.
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While you admire your good looks in the mirror, don’t forget to thank your parents. Genes come in pairs: one from Mom and other from Dad. It’s the combination of genes that bring about – or ‘’express’’ – various physical traits (in a process called heredity). Some genes are more influential on your appearance than others. The genes for dark hair are dominant over the genes for red and blond hair, making dark hair more common.
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