Category Science & Technology

How do we obtain oil?

                Oil is thought to have formed from the remains of organisms that died millions of years ago. Billions of tiny organisms lived in shallow water or in the surface layers of the oceans. As they died their remains settled to the bottom and were eventually buried. The remains were compressed under the weight of rock. They underwent chemical changes due to the high pressure and eventually formed oil and gas, which remained trapped under the rock layers.

               Geologists locate deposits of oil, and holes are drilled so the oil can be extracted. Usually, water is pumped into an oil well under pressure, forcing the lighter oil up to the surface.

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How is coal formed?

               Coal is formed from the compressed remains of plants that lived in bogs 250-350 miff on years ago. This was during the Carboniferous Period, when primitive animals first appeared on the land. Coal formed from the remains of tree ferns and other primitive trees, which were covered with mud and sand and buried as new rock was laid down. Very gradually, over millions of years, this material turned into coal.

               A similar process is taking place today in peat bogs, where the rotting remains of heather form peat. When dried, peat burns in a similar way to coal. In some parts of the world soft shale, which is called brown coal, is mined. The hardest and most pure form of coal is anthracite, which contains very few impurities.

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How is gold mined?

               Gold is unusual because it is found in its metallic form, rather than as a chemical compound. Metallic gold, which is easy to identify and shape, has been mined for thousands of years. Most gold is found in what are called alluvial deposits. They consist of river mud containing tiny particles of gold washed out of rock over thousands of years. Water currents are used to wash away the mud and gravel, leaving the heavy gold particles. Gold is mined in many parts of the world, but most modern gold supplies come from countries such as South Africa and Russia.

               Gold does not tarnish, and this makes it very valuable.lt is used mainly for the manufacture of jewellery and for coating electrical contacts. It is also a very good conductor of electricity.

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How is mining carried out?

               The earliest form of mining involved following seams of metal in tunnels driven into the rock. This method is still used today, usually in deep mines where other techniques would be impracticable. Tunnels are dug with explosives and with automatic machines. Some of these mines go thousands of metres into the rock, becoming very hot and dangerous.

               Placer mining uses huge floating dredgers to extract metals such as tin and copper from submerged mud. It extracts large amounts of metal inexpensively, but causes enormous environmental damage. Strip mining is used to obtain coal and minerals that lie close to the surface. Open pit mining involves blasting into the rock to produce a huge quarry from which material is removed, layer by layer.

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What do we obtain by mining?

 

               Mining has taken place since the Stone Age, when flints were mined for making stone tools. By 3500BC, people were mining for copper, which they soon combined with tin to harden it and make tools and weapons. Today we mine minerals, diamonds, metals, coal and rock for building material, using a variety of techniques.

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How is a photograph produced?

               Cameras work by focusing light in order to produce an image on a light-sensitive surface. Some cameras work by forming the image on light-sensitive film. Sometimes film uses dyes that change colour when exposed to light, as happens with film used to make coloured slides or prints. Earlier film or glass plates used a silver compound as the light-sensitive material. To produce a photographic print the image is projected onto the surface of light-sensitive paper. It is treated with chemicals to make the print visible and prevent further changes when exposed to light.

               Digital cameras are a recent development. They convert the image they receive into electrical signals that are stored. These signals can then be read by a computer and used to produce a picture on screen, which can then be printed out.

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