Category Environtal Studies

Cow dung has several uses – as fuel, mosquito repellent, thermal insulator, and even as a component in mud brick housing. But, its most common and popular use is perhaps as manure. As a natural agricultural fertilizer, such manure eliminates the use of harmful chemicals, keeping the soil healthy. You may also have heard of vermicomposting where the likes of earthworms consume organic waste and excrete what we can use as manure. But these aren’t the only creatures whose poop have their uses. Come, let’s find out more about this.

Whale poop

Whales are at the top of the food pyramid, meaning these large creatures play a huge role in keeping their marine ecosystem going. In fact, so huge that even their poop is important. Whales feed on deep sea creatures and move to the surface to breathe and And this poop is loaded with nutrients such as phosphorus. What whales do is essentially bring nutrients from the deep sea to the ocean surface. Phytoplankton and algae consume whale poop, and these organisms become food to zooplankton such as krill. Zooplankton, in turn, are food for the likes of fish and birds. And, through the latter, nutrients are carried from water to land.

Guano

The poop of birds (particularly seabirds) and bats is called guano. Just like whale poop, guano too is rich in nutrients – such as nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and potassium. Around the mid-19th Century, it was discovered that “nitrogen added to soil would drastically improve crop yields – particularly in the form of guano”. Gradually over the years, its popularity spread the world over. This organic fertilizer can be used for raising vegetables, nut- and fruit-bearing trees, and even for ornamental plants and lawns.

Frass

Frass is the poop of insect larvae. Frass deposits on soil are said to have a great impact on soil fertility due to their high nutrient and labile carbon (which breaks down easily and is nutritious) content. Frass also contains “small concentrations of micronutrients”, which may further be beneficial for crops. Since the world is contemplating ways to increase protein-rich insect consumption among humans, reports suggest that interest in increasing insect population is high. Which could also mean increase in frass availability.

Did you know?

Since there are “huge declines in whale, seabird and fish populations”, the movement of nutrients from water and land “has slowed”. Researchers “reckon that only a quarter as much phosphorus makes it to surface waters today compared with the past. And the flow of phosphorus to land has nearly stopped- at just 4 percent of historic levels”. But this scenario is still reversible if we focus on restoring species, learn to share the planet with them- rather than locking them up in zoos or even confining them to protected areas and let them roam the world.

Picture Credit : Google 

Acid rain or acid precipitation is a term used to define any kind of precipitation that is abnormally acidic and contains high levels of nitric and sulfuric acids

What one needs to note here is that normal rain is slightly acidic having a pH value between 5 and 5.6. (pH is a measure of how acidic or alkaline a solution is. A solution with a pH value less than 7 is considered acidic while a solution with a pH greater than 7 is considered basic or alkaline.) Meanwhile, the pH levels of acid rain are lower than normal precipitation and stand between 4.2 and 4.4. Acid rain can also settle onto Earth in the form of fog, snow and so forth.

The cause of acid rain is attributed to human activities, mostly resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels. In some cases, it can be a result of natural causes such as lightning, volcanoes, decaying plant and animal matter, and so on. When fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas are burnt gases such as sulfuric dioxide and nitrous oxide get released into the air.

The reaction of these chemical compounds with oxygen and water vapour in the air leads to the formation of nitric acid and sulfuric acid which then mix with water molecules in the air. Sometimes, they can get blown away across several kilometres before they fall to Earth as acid rain.

Dangers of acid rain

Acid rains can wreak havoc on an ecosystem. Apart from affecting the water bodies, it affects the plants and animals in that area.

When it falls into aquatic sources, it can harm fishes, insects and aquatic animals. The low pH level can kill the adult fishes and even the eggs I wouldn't hatch when the pH level dips below 3. The biodiversity gets significantly affected by acid rain. Just like how it affects the aquatic ecosystem, acid rain is harmful to land-based ecosystems.

The chemistry of the soil gets altered drastically, the pH level gets lowered and nutrients of the soil get leached away. This affects the plants which rely on these nutrients.

Further, when acid rain falls on the leaves of the plants, it causes direct damage. It has also been observed that the eggs of the birds (species such as warblers and other songbirds) in the affected areas tend to have thinner shells.

What can be done to prevent acid rain? Well, the ideal way is to limit the quantity of sulfuric dioxide and nitrous oxide that gets released into the atmosphere.

Picture Credit : Google 

Don’t we often come across news about air pollution in our city or surrounding areas and the frequent mention of AQI? But what does AQI stand for and how is it helpful to us? Come, let’s find out

AQI is the abbreviation of Air Quality Index. It is a yardstick that shows us how clean or hazardous the air we breathe in in a particular region is. It is a numerical representation of the air quality in a place, which is determined by measuring the level of pollutants present in the air.

Health concerns

With a rapidly growing population and corresponding economic development, India has been grappling with the issue of air pollution for several decades now, leading to health and environmental concerns. Several factors are responsible for the poor air quality in most parts of the country. While natural sources of air pollutants include smog, storms, dust, and wildfires, we humans are responsible for emissions from factories, automobiles, construction activities, stubble burning, fossil fuel burning, etc. These are responsible for the presence of major air pollutants in the country such as particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, etc.

Exposure to air pollution may lead to severe respiratory illnesses, irritation in the eye, heart disease, and even premature death. Air pollution reduces visibility on the road and may lead to accidents and loss of lives. Besides, it can have a deleterious impact on the environment, damaging crops and trees, affecting yields, causing acid rain, etc.

Launched in 2015

India is home to some of the most polluted cities in the world. In order to address the widely prevalent air pollution crisis, the Government has taken several initiatives. One such is the National Air Quality Index which was officially launched in April 2015 in New Delhi. The NAQI was developed by IIT-Kanpur scientists along with the Central Pollution Control Board. It has been designed to disseminate air quality information to the people. The AQI shows eight pollutants, namely PM2.5, PM10, ammonia, lead, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, ozone, and carbon monoxide.

Colour-coded index

 The colour-coded AQI helps people and the administration understand the condition of the air by providing real-time information on air quality. The index converts data of various pollutants collected from monitoring stations into a single number, name, and colour. The AQI value runs from 0 to 500. There are six AQI categories, namely Good (0-50, green), Satisfactory (51-100, light green), Moderately polluted (101-200, pink), Poor (201-300, yellow), Very Poor (301-400, red), and Severe (401-500, dark red), with each being decided based on the concentration values of air pollutants and their likely health impacts. The higher the AQI value, the greater the level of air pollution and the greater the health concern. An AQI value of 50 or below represents good air quality, while an AQI value over 300 represents very poor air quality. There are smartphone apps such as Sameer and SAFAR and websites.

Picture Credit : Google