Category Sea/Ocean

No living thing can survive without food. A food chain shows how a specific set of plants and animals are linked together by who eats what. Each arrow in a food chain means “is eaten by”. The chain ends when it reaches an animal that has no natural predators. If one link is removed, the chain will break.

Producer

Plants are the first level in the food chain or food webs and are known as primary producers. They make all the food and energy that is found in an ecosystem. Without plants people or other animals could not survive because we would not have the food or energy that we need. Plants and vegetable make their own food and energy through a process called photosynthesis.

Plants make their own food by using sunlight, carbon dioxide from the air, and water from the soil and converting it in the form of glucose/sugar. 
In photosynthesis plants also produce oxygen which is left in the air for us to use. 
In order to undergo photosynthesis plants need some helpers. One of the helpers they need is a green substance in their leaves called chlorophyll. Plants use this green substance to catch the energy they need from the sunlight.

Primary consumer

Primary consumers are herbivores, feeding on plants. Caterpillars, insects, grasshoppers, termites and hummingbirds are all examples of primary consumers because they only eat autotrophs (plants). There are certain primary consumers that are called specialists because they only eat one type of producers an example of this would be the koala because it feeds only on eucalyptus leaves. Primary consumers who feed on many kinds of plants are called generalists.

Secondary consumer

Animals that eat herbivores are secondary consumers. They can be carnivores, which eat other animals, or omnivores, which eat animals and plants. A robin is a secondary consumer.

Secondary consumers come in all shapes, sizes, and exist in practically every habitat on earth. Icy tundra’s, arid savannahs, and artic waters are just some of the extreme environments secondary consumers live in. Whether on land or in water, the one thing they have in common is the type of food they eat—primary consumers.

Tertiary consumer

Tertiary consumers eat primary and secondary consumers as their main source of food. These organisms are sometimes referred to as apex predators as they are normally at the top of food chains, feeding on both primary and secondary consumers.

Tertiary consumers can be carnivores or omnivores. Their diet can comprise only meat or include plants as well. A hawk, for example, can feed on primary consumers such as birds, as well as secondary consumers such as snakes.

 

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If an animal is well-suited to its habitat we say it has an adaptation. The better-adapted it is, the more likely it is to survive. For example, a penguin’s thick feathers are a perfect adaptation for keeping it warm in the snow, but would make it far too in a desert.

In the desert

Sandy deserts are hot places without much water. Some animals, like camels, have become well-matched for this environment. They can survive without water for days, have a store of fat in their hump for energy, and long eyelashes to keep out the sand.

Fennec Foxes

Fennec foxes inhabit the Saharan desert in Africa, where temperatures average around 104 degrees Fahrenheit.  Like many desert creatures, they have developed nocturnal habits, so they are most active after the scorching desert sun goes down. While out and about at night, fennec foxes feast on smaller desert animals, such as beetles and lizards.

Dung Beetles

There are several species of dung beetles, but most of them live in the deserts of Australia and Africa. In the hot, dry desert, moisture of any kind is hard to find. Dung contains moisture from the gut of the animal that expelled it. Instead of searching for rare watering holes the way wildebeest and antelope do, dung beetles wait for these larger animals to do the work of finding water for them. 

Bactrian Camels

Camels are some of the most famous desert animals. While some species have only one hump, Bactrian camels have two. These humps serve the same function as those of single-humped camels: They store energy-rich fat, which sustains the camels during long treks across the desert. Many people used to believe that camel humps contained water, which isn’t true. It’s easy to understand why someone might believe this since camels can go up to seven months without drinking water. In contrast, a human can only survive for three to five days without water in temperate conditions.

Mexican Coyotes

Mexican coyotes are one of several coyote subspecies. As their name implies, they live in the deserts of Mexico, as well as in California and Arizona, mostly in the Sonoran Desert. Although coyotes are sometimes confused with wolves, these desert canines are much smaller, usually weighing only about 30 pounds at full adulthood.

Like fennec foxes, coyotes use their large ears to cool their bodies. However, their most useful desert adaptation may well be their diet. 

Sidewinder Snakes

Sidewinders are one of many snake species native to deserts of the southwestern U.S. and northwestern Mexico. These legless reptiles get their name from their unique way of moving. This movement allows them to move quickly and with good traction even over loose, shifting desert sand. Like all snakes, sidewinders are predators. They prey on smaller desert creatures including rodents and small reptiles.

Thorny Devil Lizard

The thorny devil, also known as the thorny dragon, is a lizard specially equipped for life in the deserts of Australia. They are named for the protruding, thornlike growths that cover their skin. These sharp growths are effective at keeping predators such as birds and larger lizards away. Amazingly, their thorns also help them collect water. Like plant stalks, the thorns become covered with dew each morning. The thorny devil drinks this dew, which keeps it from having to hunt for water in the desert.

The thorny devil has a unique way of hunting, which conserves energy. Instead of going after prey to hunt, thorny devils position themselves by ant hills, bury them partially in the sand, and wait for prey to come to them. As ants wander by, thorny devils snatch them up one by one

Under the sea

Many types of animal are adapted to living in the salty sea. The blacktip reef shark has a streamlined body t help it glide through the water and, like all sharks, it has gills that allow it to breather underwater.

Blacktip Reef shark

The Blacktip Reef shark is named for the characteristic black tips on its dorsal and caudal fins. It has a short, round snout and angled, saw-like teeth. Its white belly and dark back allow it to camouflage with the dim seafloor and the brighter ocean surface.

Blacktip Reef sharks swim in shallow waters just a few meters deep near reefs and drop-off zones. They have also occasionally been sighted in freshwater.

Blacktip Reef sharks primarily feed on reef fish but sometimes eat crustaceans, cephalopods and mollusks. These sharks can grow up to 6 feet long. Blacktip Reef sharks are commonly found along the coastlines of Pacific regions, such as Thailand, Japan, Philippines, New Caledonia and northern Australia. They are also found in the Indian Ocean from South Africa to the Red Sea. These sharks are not currently endangered, but the species is experiencing population loss due to overfishing. Blacktip Reef sharks are often caught by commercial fisheries for their meat, liver oil and fins.

Green treefrog

Green Tree Frogs possess its green colour to make it easier to camouflage in bushes and leaves from their predators. The suction-pads on the toes provide stability on the rocks and also in the water. Its large mouth and sticky tongue aid with catching insects so whilst they are flying around it’s a lot easier to stick its tongue out and eat them. The large, powerful legs at the back allow the green tree frog to jump a further distance which would be a lot quicker for this amphibian.

These Green Tree Frogs adapt to their environment easily by having the colour of their skin. All of those features that these frogs have really help them to adapt to the environment they all live in currently. Without those features who knows what would happen.

In the snow

It’s a challenge to stay warm in snowy places. The Arctic fox has a thick coat of hair to keep it cosy. Its fur is grey in the summer, but in winter its fur is white to blend in with the snow. This helps it to sneak up on prey.

Arctic Fox

Arctic foxes form monogamous pairs through a breeding season (April to May) though often several females will live together in a large and complex den that can be many years old, even centuries. Typically they have litters of 5 to 8 but may be as many as 25, the most of any carnivore. Sometimes young non-breeding foxes will live in the den also and help to raise the pups from the following year.

A wide range of foods, the main prey is lemmings, they will hunt and catch other small animals and will also scavenge food from beneath sea-bird colonies on cliffs and leftovers from predators such as polar bears. They will take eggs where possible from tundra nesting birds, though are not entirely carnivorous also eating berries and seaweed when available.

A family of foxes can get through several dozen lemmings in a day. They will eat young ringed seals when they are vulnerable in the snow den shortly after they are born in the same manner that they attack lemmings beneath the snow, detecting them by sound and then jumping on and punching through the covering snow layer.

he Arctic Fox lives its whole life above the northern tree line in the Arctic tundra, it has found its way to most Arctic islands and is the only mammal native to Iceland. It may be found on the sea-ice in winter as it extends its foraging range. The southern limit of the arctic fox is partially dictated by the presence of red foxes which out-compete arctic foxes in areas where tundra turns to shrubs and trees.

 

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There’s no place like home, and animals are amazing architects. They are creative builders, making all kinds of different houses in which to live or have their young. Safety, shelter, and warmth are all important features of a home, whether high up in the treetops or down on the ground. Nature provides many materials, such as grass, branches, and mud, for animals to build their houses.

Den

Many animals live in dens, including foxes, bears, bobcats and raccoons. Animals that are found in woodlands are likely to live in dens. Some animals use dens only for nesting and rearing young, while others make dens more permanent homes.

Black bears give birth and sleep in their dens. Although they sleep in the dens during the winter months, they are not considered true hibernators and may wake occasionally. A black bear’s den can be anything from a cave to a hollow tree or large pile of brush. An example of an animal that uses a more permanent den is the beaver. The well-recognized lodges made in streams out of pieces of wood and muds are dens with underwater entrances.

Web

Some animals make their own materials. Spiders have a special silk-spinning organ in the rear of their body called a spinneret. They weave silk into intricate webs, which are used to trap prey. Female house spiders lay about 250 eggs in a silken sac that is brownish in color and round in shape. There may be more than one sac in the web at a time. A female house spider may produce up to 17 sacs, containing a total of more than 3,760 eggs, in her lifetime. The eggs hatch in about 7-10 days. Adults may live for a year or more.

Lodge

Busy beavers choose watery locations to build a lodge because they are excellent swimmers. Mud and branches are used to make a safe structure with entrances underwater to prevent predators entering. Beavers are known for their natural trait of building dams on rivers and streams, and building their homes in the resulting pond. Beavers also build canals to float building materials that are difficult to haul over land. They use powerful front teeth to cut trees and other plants that they use both for building and for food. In the absence of existing ponds, beavers must construct dams before building their lodges. First they place vertical poles, and then fill between the poles with a crisscross of horizontally placed branches. They fill in the gaps between the branches with a combination of weeds and mud until the dam impounds sufficient water to surround the lodge.

Sett

Badgers dig deep to construct networks of underground chambers and tunnels. These shy creatures merge from their sett at night to feed. Badger colonies often use several setts: a large main sett in the center of a colony’s territory and occupied by most of a colony’s members—and one or more smaller outlier setts. Outlier setts may have only two or three entrances and may be used by a small number of colony members when nearby food sources are in season or in autumn when the main sett is crowded with the year’s young.

Badgers typically retreat to their setts at daybreak and come out at dusk. In cold regions, setts are dug below the level at which the ground freezes, and all members of the clan sleep in the same chamber, possibly to share body heat.

Sometimes setts or parts of setts that are not being used by badgers are occupied by rabbits or foxes.

Drey

What looks like a tangle of sticks in a tree may be a squirrel’s home. Dreys are built with leaves, twigs, and moss. Winter dreys are bigger and thicker to keep the squirrels extra warm. Male and female squirrels may share the same nest for short times during a breeding season, and during cold winter spells squirrels may share a drey to stay warm. However, females nest alone when pregnant. In North America, squirrels produce broods of about three “pups” twice a year. (After leaving the drey, a young squirrel is termed a “juvenile” for its first year of life.) The June broods are sometimes born in dreys, but January broods are usually born and raised in tree cavities, which are much safer. Drey broods are about 40% less likely to survive than tree cavity broods, so long as the cavity entrance hole is no wider than about four inches, which can keep out hungry raccoons.

Nest

Not only birds make nests. Wasps build nests using paper they make by chewing on wood and plants. These strong structures are ideal places to lay eggs and rear young.

Many nest builders provide parental care to their young, while others simply lay their eggs and leave. Brooding (incubating eggs by sitting on them) is common among birds. In general, nest complexity increases in relation to the level of parental care provided. Nest building reinforces social behavior, allowing for larger populations in small spaces to the point of increasing the carrying capacity of an environment. Insects that exhibit the most complex nest building also exhibit the greatest social structure. Among mammals, the naked mole-rat displays a caste structure similar to the social insects while building extensive burrows that house hundreds of individuals.

Mound

Tiny termites use teamwork to build mighty mounds, reaching 10 m (33 ft) high! They are made from termite saliva and dung mixed with soil. Holes in the walls let air enter and cool the mound.

A city of termites requires a lot of food, and the mound has many storage chambers for wood, the insect’s primary food source. Termites also cultivate fungal gardens, located inside the main nest area. Termites eat this fungus which helps them extract nutrients from the wood they consume. Maintaining the fungal gardens takes precise temperature control, and the remarkable architecture of the mound keeps the temperature almost constant.
 
The queen and king reside in the royal chamber. The queen’s sole purpose is to produce new termites to help build and protect the nest. Incredibly, the queen can produce thousands of eggs a day and live for up to 45 years, during which time she will grow to the point where she is unable to move. Workers carry her eggs to a special nursery where they are fed on compost until they turn into adults.

Shell

Imagine carrying your home on your back! Hermit crabs use empty seashells to live inside. When the shell gets too small for the growing crab, it finds a bigger one.

Seashells are commonly found in beach drift, which is natural detritus deposited along strandlines on beaches by the waves and the tides. Shells are very often washed up onto a beach empty and clean, the animal having already died.

Empty seashells are often picked up by beachcombers. However, the majority of seashells which are offered for sale commercially have been collected alive (often in bulk) and then killed and cleaned, specifically for the commercial trade. This type of large-scale exploitation can sometimes have a strong negative impact on local ecosystems, and sometimes can significantly reduce the distribution of rare species.

 

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Animals with backbones are called vertebrates. They have a bony skeleton under their skin and muscles, which provides a strong framework that supports their body and helps them move. They may look very different at first glance, but all vertebrate skeletons share some features, such as a skull to protect the brain.

Vertebrate animals can be either warm-blooded or cold-blooded. A cold-blooded animal cannot maintain a constant body temperature. The temperature of their body is determined by the outside surroundings. Cold-blooded animals will move around during the day between the shade and the sun to warm up or cool down. Cold-blooded animals are ectothermic, which means outside heat. Reptiles, amphibians, and fish are all cold-blooded. 

Warm-blooded animals are able to regulate their internal temperature. They can sweat or pant to cool off and have fur and feathers to help keep them warm. Warm-blooded animals are called endothermic, meaning “heat inside”. Only birds and mammals are warm-blooded. 

 

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If an animal is to stay alive, it is vital for it to be able to sense what is happening around it. The five major senses that animals use are sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. Some animals have extra senses and can detect electricity or even magnetism!

Some dolphins, whales, and bats navigate and track prey using echo location. This is a very advanced form of hearing that allows them to “see” their surroundings by listening to and analyzing the way sound reflects off objects in their environment. Many fish sense their surroundings with a lateral line system, which detects changes in water pressure. This allows them to feel the movement of other animals in the water nearby. Snakes use a special apparatus called Jacobsen’s organ to smell. The snake’s forked tongue collects chemicals from the air, which it pulls in and holds against the organ, located in the roof of its mouth. Sharks, and some other fish are sensitive to the electric fields generated by other animals in the water. They use this information to track prey. Weak electric currents are sometimes used to repel sharks.

 

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Some female animals, such as seals, grow their young inside their bellies before giving birth. The babies may stay with their mother for a while to learn how to find food and avoid predators. Other animals, including birds and some reptiles and insects, lay eggs and protect them until the newborns hatch.

During sexual reproduction, the haploid gametes of the male and female individuals of a species combine in a process called fertilization. Typically, the small, motile male sperm fertilizes the much larger, sessile female egg. This process produces a diploid fertilized egg called a zygote.

Some animal species—including sea stars and sea anemones, as well as some insects, reptiles, and fish—are capable of asexual reproduction. The most common forms of asexual reproduction for stationary aquatic animals include budding and fragmentation, where part of a parent individual can separate and grow into a new individual. In contrast, a form of asexual reproduction found in certain insects and vertebrates is called parthenogenesis (or “virgin beginning”), where unfertilized eggs can develop into new male offspring. This type of parthenogenesis is called haplodiploidy. These types of asexual reproduction produce genetically identical offspring, which is disadvantageous from the perspective of evolutionary adaptability because of the potential buildup of deleterious mutations. However, for animals that are limited in their capacity to attract mates, asexual reproduction can ensure genetic propagation.

 

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