Keshav Jain

While it is nearly impossible to say with certainty, the moments following the Big Bang will probably be unmatched in the universe. We do know that it featured the most energetic and transformative events that have ever Occurred.

A new study published on the preprint database arxiv on June 27 suggests that massive bubbles emerged and collided with each other, may have powering up colossal energies in the early universe. The researchers are calling these ultra-energetic, early universe structures as “bubbletrons.”

Four fundamental forces of nature

 There are four fundamental forces of nature – electromagnetism, strong nuclear, weak nuclear and gravity. These, however, aren’t always different and they tend to merge at high energies. Powerful particle colliders have already detected electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force merging into a “electroweak” force.

Even though there is no proof, physicists suspect that all forces could merge into a single, unified force at extremely high energies. The only time the universe had such energies, however, was in the moments after the Big Bang. The splitting of the forces from those instances might have either been serene and smooth, or incredibly violent.

Extraordinary amounts of energy

This research suggests that if the transitions had indeed been violent, then the universe could have been filled with gigantic bubbles, only briefly. Before eventually colliding, expanding and converting the universe into the new reality, these bubbles would have carried extraordinary amounts of energy. According to the researchers, the bubbletrons could have in fact reached the energies required to trigger the formation of hypothetical dark matter. The researchers also discovered that the expansion and collision of these bubbletrons would have created gravitational waves capable of persisting till this day.

A recent research has already expressed that our universe is flooded with a background hum of gravitational waves. Even though most of these are likely due to supermassive black holes colliding, some might be a result of other processes in the early universe, including the creation and distortion of bubbletrons. Future analysis and upcoming gravitational wave detectors might be able to provide evidence for the existence of bubbletrons.

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When the word waste’ is mentioned, people immediately think of plastic, electronic or food waste. There is another type of waste that pollutes the environment almost as much. This is waste produced from clothing.

Globally, 13 million tons of discarded or used clothes are generated every year. Almost all of this waste can be reused or recycled.

Used clothing can be donated or repurposed to make mattresses, furniture, coarse yarn, paper, and clothes. Clothes that cannot be repurposed usually end up in landfills. The best way to manage this waste is by textile recycling.

Clothes can be recycled using machines. Warehouses first separate the clothes according to material and colour. Then the fabric is shredded and broken down into smaller fibres. The waste fibres are spun again along with bits of new fibre to make fabric. Usually clothes made of natural fibres like cotton and linen can be recycled this way.

Chemical processing

Clothes made of synthetic fabric require chemical processing. The materials are broken down using chemicals and then the fibres are rewoven into yarn and fabric. This process of recycling creates new fabric of the same quality as the original cloth. Many countries around the world, including India, have started producing recycled clothes using these methods.

Though reusing and recycling clothes are the best ways to reduce textile waste, it’s important to ensure that the processes are environmentally friendly. Recycling is better for the environment as it uses fewer resources and less energy, but it still relies on fossil fuels for Er powering the machinery.

The good news is that the textile recycling industry is planning to shift to greener energy alternatives. This will make the entire process more sustainable.

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In the annals of world cinema history, certain movements have left an indelible mark but one often overlooked gem is the British Kitchen Sink Realism. commonly referred to as “Kitchen Sink Drama.” This unique cinematic revolution placed a spotlight on deep. relatable characters and the complexities of everyday life. adding a profound layer to the drama genre. The roots of Kitchen Sink Realism can be traced back to an expressive painting by John Bratby featuring an ordinary kitchen sink. This artistic departure from Bratby’s usual subjects, which depicted the struggles of working-class individuals. piqued the interest of critics. The term “Kitchen Sink School was coined by critic David Sylvester to describe a group of artists who depicted scenes of domestic life with a social realist flair. As the influence of this style extended beyond the realm of painting into film and television, it evolved into a distinctive genre.

Portraying everyday struggles

The aftermath of World War II (1939-1945) left countless individuals facing harsh realities. Rationing persisted until 1952, and the destruction caused by wartime bombing raids resulted in a severe housing shortage Even as the 1950s brought about gradual improvements, life remained a challenging journey for many working-class people. This adversity was the catalyst for the Kitchen Sink Drama movement, a genre that focused on social realism and portrayed the domestic lives of ordinary people. These narratives explored issues like divorce, turbulent relationships, economic inequality, and homelessness. The settings were often cramped apartments and tiny houses. At the heart of this movement, protagonists often embodied the archetype of “angry young men.” individuals disenchanted with modern society and serving as the voice of the era This term also extended to authors and playwrights of the time who shared these themes in their works.

Examples

Central to the Kitchen Sink Realism movement was a commitment to depicting the everyday struggles often overlooked by traditional art. These works stood in stark contrast to the polished narratives of upper-class lifestyles that were prevalent in mainstream cinema. Notable literary examples include John Osbome’s Look Back in Anger, which was later adapted into a film, and Arnold Wesker’s trilogy of plays featuring titles such as Chicken Soup with Barley. Roots, and I’m Talking About Jerusalem.

In the intricate tapestry of world cinema, the British Kitchen Sink Realism movement stands as a testament to the power of film in portraying the complex fabric of human existence.

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Is there a “right age” to learn a new language? When are we most receptive to learning a language? How do children learn languages? What are the benefits of picking up a foreign language? Let’s find out…

How do children learn language?

One researcher called Noam Chomsky believed that the ability to team language is innate. Every child instinctively knows how to combine nouns and verbs to form the structure of sentences, and he will learn to do so regardless of whether he is taught to do so. The researcher had observed that children all over the world, no matter what language they speak, acquire language at around the same ages-they will learn their first words at the same time, speak bwo-word phrases at the same time and start speaking in sentences at the same age

Another researcher B. F. Skinner disagreed. He believed that children learn language through experience and rewards and punishment. For instance, if there is a dog in the room and the child says ‘dog, his mother will reward him with a smile. The child thus learns that dog is the correct term for the creature and will use it the next time. Similarly, teachers and parents will criticise incorrect grammatical constructions and reward correct ones, and that is how the child learns to speak correctly.

Is there a right age to learn a language? One can learn to speak a language at any time. However, there seems to be a ‘critical period for language development-about age 5, when we are most receptive to learning a language. It is easier to pick up a language at this age.

Learning foreign languages

Research has demonstrated many benefits of learning a foreign language. Apart from the obvious benefits of learning about a new culture and being able to communicate better with people from different countries, it also helps to develop several mental skills. When you learn a new language, you tend to pay more attention to grammar rules and sentence construction, and through this, you get a better understanding of the structure of language. Ultimately, this helps you to use your original language more effectively. Learning French will thus make you a better English speaker as well. Individuals who speak more than one language have been found to have better attention spans. They may be better at multi-tasking and decision making.

Learning a language can also boost our memory. Some researchers have found that learning a new language helps to enhance the development of certain areas of the brain-you actually build grey matter, just as exercising helps to build muscles! Bilinguals, i.e., people who can speak two languages, have been found to develop Alzheimer’s disease (a disorder in old age where people lose their memory) at a much later age than those who speak just one language.

Quick tips

We can use psychological principles to help us leam a foreign language. Here are some tips.

Language is best learnt in the natural surroundings where it is spoken, rather than in a classroom. Hence, speaking to others who speak the language and leaming conversational phrases, is more effective than mere rote repetition of words and grammatical structures.
Exposure is key-it is useful to immerse yourself in the language, rather than devote one hour per day to studying the language. The reason why people who go to a foreign country learn to speak the language quickly is that they are surrounded by it. Watching movies, listening to songs, reading books and talking to people in the language will be of great help. You can also keep little vocabulary chits around your house write a cand saying the French word for mirror and place it next to the mirror, the word for ‘toothbnish’ near the toothbrush, etc.
Working on all aspects of the language speaking, listening, reading and writing is helpful to understand how a word is written and pronounced.
 Practise-One of the best ways to learn a language is to keep speaking it, rather than passively listening. Do not worry about making mistakes. Talking to native speakers of that language, forming a study group where all of you converse in that language completely, is very effective. Online groups are also available.
Have fun with it-Having fun with learning helps to keep you motivated. Singing songs, playing word games, enacting plays in the language, etc. will help you learn it better.

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You must have wondered at some point or other how you popped into existence. Maybe your teacher. parent, friend, or your own mental investigation told you that everything is born from its parent. So. a calf is born to a cow, a kid is born to a goat, and so on, depending on the species. You may then have tumbled further and further in your mind’s tunnel of inquiry, and soon realised there had to have been an organism that took birth first. from which all of us, all races, species, and varieties of creatures proliferated and branched out. According to scientists, when space and matter (stars and dust) emerged out of the Big Bang, it carried in it the seeds of life, even though these were in themselves inanimate or non-living. Scientists have two main theories about how life began to form.

Abiogenesis…                                                                                                   

is the scientific term for the study or process of how life came or comes into being. The word is formed from the Greek phonemes a (meaning non) bio (meaning life-related) genesis (meaning birth or origin). And it denotes the process by which biological creatures sprang out from non-living matter that was formed from interstellar dust. It explores how lifeforms emerge as a gradual recombination of carbon atoms with one another or hydrogen atoms. This occurs naturally as a chemical process forming organic compounds. As these organic compounds form increasingly multifaceted patterns and varieties of structures, they begin to acquire the complexity needed to harbour life All lifeforms are made of cells, each a piece that makes the jigsaw puzzle of an organism come to life, carry out the functions of respiration, movement, digestion, and reproduction. These complex structures form the necessary components for building the vessel for containing life. This is why another term for any loving creature is organisation  we are all made of an organisation of atoms into molecules, cells, tissues, and organs.

Panspermia. means seeds spreading all over. This theory holds that basic lifeforms evolved on other celestial bodies and were transported across space via asteroid ricochets, become seeded on Earth after meteorite strikes, and resume breeding after adapting to the new habitable environment. This could be ‘directed panspermia, proposed by Nobel laureate Francis Crick and chemist Leslie Orgel, where intelligent beings supposedly deliberately dispatch lifeforms to spread life throughout the cosmos. Soft panspermia theory does not go as far as proposing that whole living organisms are transported through space, but only that the basic building blocks of life, such as amino acids, sugars, and the building blocks of RNA, are formed or moved through space. Scientists at MIT and Harvard are seriously exploring the likelihood of life having spread from Mars to Earth and vice versa. Greek philosopher Anaxagoras mentions ‘panspermia’ in 5th Century BC to evoke the idea of seeds travelling between planets.

Life is chemistry in the language of biology…

Simple organic compounds were formed very early on even in the prebiotic (before biological life) stages of evolution. All we needed was hydrogen and oxygen to combine for water vapour (the ultraviolet radiation energised this chemical reaction) and nitrogen, which is the key element in the formation of DNA and RNA, the heart of a cell.

Spontaneous origin

In ancient times, people thought life occurred by chance, when inanimate stuff decayed Microorganisms even today, such as bacteria and other microbes are known to sniff out a rotting piece of food and swarm all over it in an instant. But this did not explain how they developed Hoses and mouths, did it? By the 17th Century, a simple experiment disproved it-when Italian physicist Francesco Redi placed fresh meat in three jars, maggots came up only in two open jars, into which flies would have been able to lay eggs, and not in the sealed jar. In another experiment. French chemist Louis Pasteur found that life did not form around dead yeast cells kept in a pre-sterilised flask, but did when they were exposed to air.

Chumming the pot…

US chemists Stanley Miller and Harold Urey tried to simulate the conditions that would have existed in the prebiotic soup in the laboratory in 1952. They applied electrical discharges to a mixture of water vapour, methane, hydrogen and ammonia (all of these ingredients would have been present in the ancient soup) And they obtained simple amino acids, the building blocks of protein, which is the fundamental nutrient that forms muscles that help an organism move and grow As this years Chemistry Nobel-winners found, a coating of fat helps protect RNA and the other contents of a cell Oxygen, carbon and hydrogen would have bonded to form lipids, which would make the walls of a cell sturdy and safe. An organism then needs energy, which it gets through carbohydrates (no prizes for guessing which atoms make this happen).

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Though Libya’s economic future changed with the discovery of petroleum in the late 1950s, today it faces political turmoil.

Ranu Joardar

Libya is an oil-rich desert country, which in the past couple of years has become an important crossover for migrants intending to reach Europe. It is currently ranked 92 among the major economies. Let us know more about this North African country.

History

Historically, Libya was never heavily populated or a power centre. Before the discovery of oil in the late 1950s, the country was seen as poor in natural resources. It was mostly dependent upon foreign aid and imports for the maintenance of its economy.

The discovery of petroleum changed the fate of Libya. The country’s first productive oil well was struck in 1959 at Amal and Zelten, now known as Nasser. The country began exporting oil in 1961.

The first settlers of Libya were the Berbers during the Late Bronze Age, around 1200 BC. The land was then home to the Phoenicians (an ancient Mediterranean civilisation). They established coastal trading posts in the 7th Century BC

The name ‘Libya’ was given by the Greeks when they occupied the eastern part of the country. The country was also once part of the Roman empire.

Around 700 AD, the Arabs came and introduced Islam to the area. From the 16th Century, the country was under the Ottoman Empire until Italy conquered it in 1912. The French and British took over Libya during the Second World War in 1943.

Libya finally gained its independence in 1951. However, it was ruled by monarchs till 1969 when Colonel Muammar Gaddafi overthrew King Idris I.

Gaddafi controlled Libya until the 2011 revolution when he was killed. Despite achieving independence from autocratic rule, the country continues to rebuild its government.

Geography

The fourth-largest country in Africa is mostly a desert and most of its population lives along the coast and its immediate hinterland (region lying inland from a coast). The de facto capital, Tripoli, and Benghazi (second-largest city) are on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea.

Libya is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea, Tunisia, Algeria, Niger, Chad, Sudan, and Egypt. As the country is part of the Sahara desert (the world’s largest hot desert), the country has no permanent rivers.

To access the water below the desert, the Great Man-Made River was constructed to deliver fresh water to the cities through a network of underground pipelines.

Flora and fauna

As the country’s coastal plains have high precipitation, these regions are home to herbaceous vegetation and annual grasses such as asphodel (a herb of the lily family).

The north of Akhdar mountains is covered with a dense forest of juniper and lentisc. Though the semiarid regions lack vegetation, the most commonly found plants here include saltwort (a plant used in making soda ash), spurge flax (a shrubby plant), goosefoot.

Asida is a popular traditional dish served in Libya during celebrations such as births or Eid. Wormwood, and asphodel.

The country is home to wild animals like desert rodents (desert hare and the jerboa), hyenas, foxes (fennec and the red fox), jackals, skunks, gazelles, and wildcats. Its largest national park, El Kouf National Park, is known for its sand dunes, wetlands, and hilly terrain.

The country’s native birds include wild ringdove, partridge, lark, and prairie hen.

People

About 97% of the country’s population consists of the Berber and Arab ethnic groups. Most Libyans speak Arabic, which is the country’s official language. At the beginning of the 21st Century, the country saw a rise in the number of foreign migrant workers, mainly from sub-Saharan African countries. About 25% population live either in Tripoli or Benghazi and the rest live near desert oases, where they can access water.

The country is famous for its weaving, embroidery, and metal engraving. Traditional Libyan food is a blend of North African.  Berber,  and Mediterranean cuisines. Couscous, lamb, dates, and olives feature heavily in the Libyan cuisine

Politics

Following independence, Libya was ruled by monarchs. After overthrowing King Idris I in 1969 and suspending the constitution in a military coup, the country turned into an authoritarian state. Till 1977, Libya was ruled by a 12-member Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) with Colonel Gaddafi as secretary-general. Though he resigned from the post in 1979, he continued to be the de facto ruler of the country and head of the revolution until he was killed during the 2011 revolution.

Since 2014, the country has had competing political and military factions fighting for power. Though the two sides signed a permanent ceasefire in 2020, political rivalries continue leaving the country in a turmoil. Currently, the Prime Minister of Libya is Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh, leader of the Government of National Unity (GNU).

Libya Revolt of 2011

On February 15, 2011, anti-government protests were held in Benghazi after the arrest of human rights lawyer Fethi Tarbel. The protesters demanded the resignation of Gaddafi and the release of political prisoners. The protests gained momentum despite the Libyan security forces using lethal force against demonstrators. Soon, international pressure for Gaddafi to step down increased and sanctions against the regime were imposed by the UN Security Council. On October 20, Gaddafi was killed by rebel fighters in his hometown.

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Snow rollers are freak weather phenomena that require the combination of many factors to occur: the snow on the ground must be icy and crusty to prevent falling snow from sticking to it; temperature should be around o degree Celsius and the wind speed should be just right to gently scoop the fresh layer of loose snow into a roll. It helps if the area has a natural slope.

As chunks of snow break loose from the icy ground, they start rolling and pick up additional snow along the way to form cylindrical rolls sometimes as – large as 1 metre in diameter. As the inner layer of the snow roller is usually loose and less compact, it gets easily blown away by the wind to form a hollow roll which looks like a snow doughnut. While most snow rollers are delicate and may crumble when touched, some are icy enough to play with! Snow rollers are a rare sight and therefore make headlines whenever they occur.

What is a sting operation?

A sting operation is often carried out to expose corruption. A sting operation is a deceptive operation designed to catch a criminal in the act Typically, the police lay a trap for the suspect wherein he/she is induced to commit a crime Usually the criminal act is recorded on a video camera so that the police can build a foolproof case against the offender. For example, an undercover police officer may approach a suspected drug dealer posing as a prospective buyer in order to catch him red-handed. Or the police may keep a bait car in an area where large-scale car theft is happening. Often a sting operation is carried out to expose corruption. It may, for example, expose a politician taking bribe, or a govemment official demanding money to do his duty.

In recent years many media houses have made effective use of stings to expose highly-placed corrupt persons. But sometimes the media is also accused of carrying out sensational sting operations in which innocent persons may be victimised.

Some people think it is unethical to tempt a person to commit a crime which he/she may not have otherwise committed.Sting operations in India were able to expose malpractices in the medical profession such as illegal sale of kidneys or pre-natal sex determination tests.

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The Japanese call it ‘Sakura Matsuri’ It is a festival held in spring every year all over Japan and also in a number of other countries. It celebrates the blooming of the cherry trees and is a time for locals to have a picnic or hanami and enjoy the pleasant weather outdoors. There are blossom-viewing parties held both in the cities and the countryside.

The tree that is so revered is the Yoshino cherry tree or sakura that puts out exquisite pale pink blossoms. The cherry blossom is Japan’s national flower. It is grown for its ornamental beauty and does not bear fruit.

Short but colourful life

To the Japanese, cherry blossom symbolises the ephemeral or transient quality of life. It features prominently in Japanese art, literature and folklore. At the picnics and parties, guests compose short poems or create brush paintings on the spot in celebration.

Cherry blossom festivals are a Occasion for street fairs, with stalls selling local craft and food. Visitors can also relish traditional theatre and dance performances.

The arrival of the cherry blossom is tracked closely with round-the-clock – news reports providing updates on exactly where and when the fabled flowers will appear. The blossoming begins in January in Okinawa and reaches Kyoto and Tokyo in April. It blooms last in Hokkaido in the northern reaches a few weeks later. The flower was used to whip up patriotic fervour during World War Il with the soldiers’ sacrifice compared to the falling of the blossoms. Japanese pilots on suicide missions painted the cherry blossom on the side of their planes.

Blooming friendship

Japan has gifted thousands of cherry trees as a goodwill gesture to several countries. The cities which have nurtured these cherry orchards hold a cherry blossom festival every spring, just like in Japan. One such city is Washington D.C. which received 3,000 trees from Japan in 1912.

Every spring, the Tidal Basin along the Potomac River in Washington DC erupts in a shower of white and pink as thousands of cherry blossom trees bloom in all their glory.

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When the topic of conservation comes up for discussion, it is inevitable that there’s mention of how within an ecosystem, each organism has a role to play in keeping the environment together. With climate change dealing a blow to our natural world, such roles become even more important. In such a scenario, researchers have discovered something significant- an interconnectedness between different ecosystems that could be “a new way to increase resilience to climate change”. What is it? Come, let’s find out.

Isolated from mainlands, islands have evolved to have unique ecosystems. For long, both plant and animal species globally have lived undisturbed on islands. But this very isolation could also mean doom. One of the causes for this doom could be the deliberate or accidental introduction of invasive species. And the elimination of invasive species could be a key factor in improving nature on both land and sea. How?

When islands are rid of invasive species, they have a positive impact not just on land but on sea too through “connector” species such as seabirds, seals, and land crabs, “which transfer nutrients from oceans to islands and vice versa”. Here’s an example. “On Floreana island in the Galapagos, invasive species have devastated not just bird and plant species, but also livelihoods, with farmers losing up to 100 percent of their crops due to invasive rats that started to spread on the island. Some 13 species have gone locally extinct on the main island, while 54 species are critically endangered, endangered, or threatened. The island, which is almost entirely a national park, eradicated invasive pigs in the 1980s in a bid to save the critically endangered seabird the Galapagos petrel, and then in 2019 non-native goats were removed, leading to a regrowth in local vegetation. The 10-year battle to rid the island of rats continues. It is said that once they are gone, at least a dozen species that went locally extinct largely because of invasive species will be returned to the island, including giant tortoises and mockingbirds.”

In essence, loss of connector species populations “often results in ecosystem collapse-both on land and in the sea”. So, “carefully chosen conservation actions on islands can lead to really stunning changes in the neighbouring ocean ecosystem, because everything is connected”. This also becomes vital due to the climate crisis because healthy populations of connector species can “transfer some of the lost nutrients to the water’, encouraging plankton growth, potentially easing the effects of El Nino, the unusual warming of ocean surface waters.

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For several years, there has been an ongoing territorial dispute among China, Taiwan, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Malaysia over the ownership of the Spratly Islands. Let us know more about these islands.

 

Spratly Islands

 The Spratly Islands consists of over 100 small islands or reefs, shoals, atolls,       and small islets in the South China Sea of the Pacific Ocean. The islands are surrounded by rich fishing grounds, and gas and oil deposits.

While a great number of islands of Spratlys are now submerged, of the 12 main naturally occurring islets, the largest is the 90-acre Itu Aba. Another, called Spratly Island or Storm Island, measures 900 by 1,500 feet. Turtles and seabirds are the only wildlife on these islands. There is no permanent human habitation.

The Spratlys is significant due to their strategic location. During World War II, Japan occupied the archipelago and developed it as its submarine base. After the war, the Chinese Nationalist government established a garrison on Itu Aba and the government maintained it even after their exile to Taiwan in 1949.

When Japan renounced its claim to the islands in 1951, Taiwan, mainland China, and Vietnam declared themselves the rightful owners. The Philippines made a claim based on proximity in 1955.

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which came into effect in the early 1980s, established the concept of exclusive economic zones (EEZ) extending 200 nautical miles from a country’s coast. This resulted in the Spratlys becoming more desirable for their potential resources.

Dispute

By the late 20th Century, Vietnam, China, Taiwan, Malaysia, and the Philippines had laid claims to the Spratlys. However, the United States, which has kept a dominant presence in the Pacific region since the early 20th Century, has not recognised the claims of any country on the Spratlys. It insisted that the Spratlys are in international waters.

Meanwhile, China has asserted that its claim to the Spratlys dates back centuries. According to the Chinese government, almost the entire South China Sea, including the Spratlys and other island groups, is within its sphere of influence. However, these claims have been disputed by others, especially the Philippines and Vietnam.

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