Category Geography

 Australia is truly unique in that it is an island, a nation, and a continent all together. The continent of Australia is an island, and the entire continent is a single nation!

The first inhabitants of Australia were the aboriginals who were later joined by other ethnic groups. The Europeans arrived only in the 1700s.

Most of the population lives along the coast. Australia is a place of many wonders, with a lake that is pink in colour and animals that are found nowhere else, including kangaroos, koalas and Tasmanian devils.

 Australian culture is as broad and varied as the country’s landscape that includes some of the world’s most exotic species of plants. In Australia, you can travel from scorching deserts to snow clad mountains, dazzling white beaches and magical coral reefs without ever leaving the country.

 

 A private island is one that is owned by just one individual or corporation. Naturally, only the rich and the famous can afford to have their own private islands.

Some use their islands as a getaway from photographers and from the outside world, while others rent out their islands to wealthy travelers.

Actor Johnny Depp owns a 45-acre tropical island called Little Hall’s Pond Cay in the Caribbean. Other famous actors who own islands include Robin Williams, Mel Gibson and Leonardo DiCaprio.

Many claim that owning a private island gives a sense of freedom and privacy that cannot be equaled by ownership of any other property.

 However, even though an island may be private property, the owner still has to abide by all the laws and rules of the country of which it is a part of.

 Centuries ago, when maps were first drawn, there were no satellites or Google Maps. People had no choice but to rely on the tales of explorers, when drawing maps.

 As a result these maps were often not accurate, and many of them contained islands known as phantom islands. Phantom Islands are islands that were believed to have existed.

They would have appeared on maps for a period of time- sometimes for centuries. However, once it was proved that they did not exist, these islands have been removed from world maps. Phantom Islands might have been a misrepresentation of actual islands.

 

Continue reading “What is a phantom island?”

   Mauna Kea is the highest island mountain in the world. It is actually a dormant volcano.

 Millions of years ago, volcanic eruptions on the sea floor started the process of creating a volcanic mountain. This underwater mountain grew taller and taller, till it rose above the surface of the ocean. As the eruptions continued, the mountain continued to grow, until it reached its present height.

 Standing 4,207 metre above sea level, its peak is the highest point in the state of Hawaii. It is actually much taller than Mount Everest, but since water much of Mauna Kea is under water, Mount Everest is still considered to be the world’s tallest mountain. Mauna Kea is over a million years old, and has been dormant now for around 6000 years. 

 An island that is not inhabited by humans is called a desert island. Uninhabited islands are also called ‘deserted islands.’ There are many such islands around the world. Uninhabited, islands are often used in movies or stories about shipwrecked people.

There are many such desert islands. One among them is Kermadec Islands in the South Pacific. Another one is De Long Islands in the Arctic Ocean.

Tetepare is the largest uninhabited island in the South Pacific. The long rugged island is covered with pristine lowland rainforest, and fringed with coral reefs.

The first known novel to be set on a desert island was Philosophus Autodidactus written by Ibn Tufail.

William Shakespeare’s play, The Tempest, uses the idea of being stranded on a desert island as a pretext for the action of the play.

A coral reef is essentially a huge, diverse underwater community. Many are built on limestone deposits that have been left behind by living—and decaying — creatures.

An atoll is a very specific type of coral reef. Atolls are circular coral reefs that surround a lagoon completely, or partially. They may also have an island or a handful of small islands in the centre. An atoll is formed around an underwater volcano. When the volcano erupts, it creates piles of lava on the sea floor that will eventually rise above the water level to create the centre island.

 Corals will begin to congregate around the volcanic eruption. As thousands and millions of years pass, the volcano that originally created the centre island of the atoll will fall dormant.

However, the coral continues to grow, and attract more and more marine life forms. Most of the world’s atolls are in the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean. 

Artificial islands are man-made islands. Such islands have been created by expanding existing islets which are very tiny islands. This can be done by draining the water around an islet, so as to create more land.

Artificial islands can also be built by construction on existing reefs, or by joining together several natural islets into a bigger island. Thus, they vary widely in size, from tiny islets that have been created to hold just a single pillar, building, or other structure, to those that support entire communities.

Artificial islands can also be created from material brought in from elsewhere. Dubai’s huge artificial islands are shaped like palm trees, and a map of the world.

Artificial islands are not a new concept. Even in the 14th century, the Nahua people created their capital, Tenochtitlan, on an artificial island in Lake Texcoco. Today, Mexico City sits on the remains of this ancient capital. 

Barrier islands are long, thin, and sandy islands that run parallel to the coast. Between a barrier island and the main-land, there will be a calm, protected body of water such as a lagoon or bay.

In order for barrier islands to form, several conditions must be met. First, there must be a source of sand to build the island. Next, the coastline must have a broad, gentle slope. Finally, the forces of waves, tides, and currents must be strong enough to move the sand, so as to form an island.

Once formed, barrier islands are dynamic. The winds and waves constantly rework, and move the barrier island sand. Changes in sea level also affect these islands. Each barrier island has a shoreline that faces the open sea, and receives the full force of waves. This shoreline is often called the beach. Behind the beach, there will be sand dunes.

 

Coral islands are special, because they are made up of the skeletons of living creatures called coral polyps.

Millions of these tiny animals build tough shell-like homes, one on top of another, to form a reef. If the sea bed rises, or the sea level falls even slightly, these reefs are left above the sea as islands.

A coral island is, therefore, a part of a coral reef. Coral islands are sometimes shaped like rings, and consist of low land, perhaps only a few metres above sea level, generally with coconut palms and surrounded by white coral sand beaches.

Most of the world’s coral islands are found in the Pacific Ocean and some in the Indian Ocean. One such coral island is Maldives. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Islands can be formed by volcanic activity under the sea. Over millions of years, lava erupting from the sea floor builds up.

The lava cools rapidly as it comes in contact with the water, and forms solid rock. Each eruption from the sea floor builds up the solid rock higher and higher to form an undersea volcanic mountain. Finally, the mountain becomes so tall that it rises above the ocean’s surface to create a volcanic island.

Mauna Loa is one of five volcanoes that form the Island of Hawaii. It is the most massive single mountain in the world, because of its sheer bulk.

 Mauna Loa has been erupting for at least 700,000 years, and may have emerged above sea level about 400,000 years ago. The volcano’s magma comes from the Hawaii hot-spot, which has been responsible for the creation of the Hawaiian island chain over tens of millions of years.